Cancer: Clear, Practical Steps to Spot It Early and Reduce Your Risk

Cancer isn't one disease — it's a group of conditions where cells grow out of control. That sounds scary, but catching cancer early and taking basic steps to lower your risk can make a big difference. Here are clear, useful actions you can take today.

Spot the signs early

You don't need to panic over every ache, but you should pay attention to new, persistent changes. See a clinician if you notice: a new lump or swelling, unexplained weight loss, persistent cough, blood in urine or stool, unusual bleeding, a sore that won’t heal, or sudden changes in bowel or bladder habits. For women, any abnormal vaginal bleeding or a new breast lump needs checking. For men, persistent testicle changes should be examined.

Early detection saves lives. If you have a family history of cancer, tell your doctor — you may need tests sooner or more often. Many cancers are easier to treat when found early.

Prevention and next steps

Simple lifestyle changes lower risk. Quit smoking — it cuts the risk for many cancers. Keep a healthy weight, move regularly, and limit alcohol. Protect your skin from sun damage with shade, clothing and sunscreen. Eat more vegetables, whole grains and fibre, and cut down on processed meats and highly sugary drinks.

Vaccines help prevent specific cancers. The HPV vaccine prevents most cervical cancers and is recommended for girls and boys, ideally before sexual activity. Hepatitis B vaccination lowers the risk of liver cancer. Ask your clinic about these vaccines.

Screening catches cancer before symptoms start. Many health groups suggest discussing breast screening (mammograms) with your doctor around age 40–50 depending on risk, and colorectal screening starting around age 45 for average risk — earlier if you have family history. Cervical screening and HPV testing remain vital — talk to your local clinic about schedules available where you live. In many African countries, clinics also offer visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) for cervical screening when resources are limited.

Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted drugs and newer immunotherapies. Treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer. If you get a diagnosis, ask your medical team to explain the goals, side effects and expected outcomes in simple terms. If finances are a worry, ask about public programs, NGOs or patient support groups that can help.

If you or a loved one need support, reach out to local organisations like the Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) or hospital social workers. They can help with information, counselling and practical help. Don’t try to handle it alone — getting informed and connected is one of the best moves you can make.

Small actions matter: book that check-up, get recommended vaccines, and make one lifestyle change this month. Early action gives you more options and better outcomes.